Friday, September 28, 2012

Timeline: The fall of Nokia


The mobile world has changed rapidly in the last couple of years. While some mobile players pioneered these changes, others were quite slow and couldn’t adapt to the lightening-fast changes. Earlier this year, there were reports from HIS iSuppli how Nokia’s 14-year run as the biggest phone manufacturer finally comes to an end. Most of us have loved our Nokia devices and it brings in a lot of nostalgia to many users, but that’s the problem. The company introduced us to the term smartphone in 2002. Just five years later, the iPhone was launched, changing everything one may demand from a smartphone, but Nokia failed to see the changing consumer demand. Though Nokia builds quality hardware for phones, it moved too slowly to catch up with its competitors in terms of OS and app ecosystem. In mere 2-3 years, Google and Apple have managed to shake Nokia off its position to run a two horsed mobile race. While the question on everyone’s mind was whether Nokia will ditch Symbian for Android, the company surprised everyone by joining hands with Microsoft’s Windows Phone. After a lukewarn response for the Lumia series last year, followed by dipping shares and hundreds of lay offs, Nokia’s future still doesn’t seem stable. Here’s a timeline showing the fall of this once-mighty company. 

8 Wireless uses for your Android phone

The mobile phone has gone from being just another communication device to a pocketable computer of sorts. With more and more power and features being added to the device, there’s a whole lot of functionality that the device has to offer. The possibilities are somewhat endless, but a layman is pretty unaware of many of these. We’re looking at some of these things that we can do with our Android smartphones using a few apps. Of course, keep in mind that your phone needs to have some of these feature or OS updates in place. All the apps we've mentioned are free for download.

Use your phone as a Wi-Fi router :

This is one of the simplest things to try out. If you have an EDGE or 3G Internet connection, you can easily share it with others, on-the-go. This way you can have Internet connectivity shared amongst other devices such as Wi-Fi only tablet or netbook. The feature is accessible under the Settings > Wireless Networks > Tethering menu. You may also find a 3G Hotspot app in the app drawer, which lets you share the connection. Remember that you’ll be billed according to the data plan scheme that you’ve chosen, so use the feature with some caution. 

Thursday, September 27, 2012

Nokia may sue HTC over design similarities between 8X and Lumia 820


Two of the biggest companies to have showcased upcoming devices that will be running Windows Phone 8 are HTC and Nokia. And, according to Neowin, there might be a legal war between them. According to unnamed sources, Nokia might be preparing to file a lawsuit against HTC because of the similarities in design between the HTC Windows Phone 8X and the Nokia Lumia 820.

The original report by PC-Tablet.com says, “The reports are saying Nokia is preparing to get HTC 8X banned in various parts of the world from going on sale when it will launch in November. Nokia has said in reports that the front-face of HTC 8X looks identically same as of the Lumia 820 followed by side-curves of the phone body.”

HTC Windows Phone 8X may be released in early November


One of the biggest phones that will be launching this year is the HTC Windows Phone 8X. The release date of the phone, according to the listing for the SIM-free version of the phone on Amazon UK, is November 8. The price of the phone is listed as £531.43 (roughly Rs. 46,000), according to GSMArena.


It is worth noting that while there might be a release date and a price on Amazon, these things haven’t yet been announced by HTC. The release date and price from Amazon are unofficial. Another store – Clove UK – is listing the phone for £399 (roughly Rs 34,500). The phone won’t be released before the official release of the operating system – Windows Phone 8.

Monday, September 24, 2012

Best features of iOS 6


Apple’s event is in full swing right now and one of the new things that the Cupertino-based company has announced is the latest version of its mobile operating system – iOS 6. The new version of the operating system for iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad has a bunch of new features.

One of the biggest changes to the operating system is the new Maps app . The new Maps app has a built-in search for local points of interest, with over 100 million possible suggestions. Other features of the Maps app include navigation, routing, 3D maps, satellite imagery – that wraps around the 3D maps – and the ability to get directions directly through Siri.


Sunday, September 23, 2012

India may be roaming-free from next year


The long cherished dream of doing away with roaming charges within India may be fulfilled next year. However, Telecom Secretary, R Chandrasekhar, in his statement to the Economic Times, shared that there is no telling of the exact date of the execution of the plan. 


In May this year, the Union Cabinet approved the National Telecom Policy 2012 (NTP 2012) amidst heavy expectations from hopefuls. It also authorised DoT to finalise the new Unified Licensing regime with the approval of Minister of Communications and IT. At the time, it had been decided then that there would be a One Nation, One License policy across services and areas that will effectively eradicate roaming charges. As a result of this, difference between local and STD calls in the country will no longer be prevalent. Abolishing roaming charges certainly looks like the one thing that would appeal to the masses a lot, since those travelling will not have to worry about steep bills.

250 iPhone 5 units stolen from London store on day of sale


In a rather unfortunate incident, roughly 250 units of the iPhone 5 that were to go on sale at a store in London have been stolen. CNET reports that the booty that thieves got away with was the entire stock of iPhone 5 that was to go on sale. Reportedly, the police plan to question an O2 shop assistant regarding the theft.   


The stolen handsets were to go on sale at O2 Store in the Tandem Centre in Colliers Wood near Wimbledon, on the same day. Even as investigations continue in the matter, it is being estimated that the stolen handsets are worth roughly £100,000 (Rs 87 lakh approximately).

iPhone 5 uses triple-core GPU

Since Apple announced the iPhone 5 earlier this month, there has been only a little news about the innards of the phone. Now according to ArsTechnica, the iPhone 5’s graphics processor is a triple-core GPU.

As per an ArsTechnica report, the iPhone 5 runs on a custom-made dual-core ARM processor that runs at a clock speed of 1GHz. The GPU uses a triple-core with a higher clock speed, so that the phone can achieve double the graphical capabilities of the A5 processor. The processor is most likely a PowerVR SGX 543MP3. The A5 processor that powers the iPhone 4S, iPad 2 and the fifth generation iPod Touch had a PowerVR SGX 543MP2 GPU.

Saturday, September 22, 2012

Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon


Asus recently introduced a new Republic Of Gamers TYTAN machine to its line-up – ROG CG8580,which is powered by an Intel Core i7-3770Kprocessor and features Windows 7 Home Premium operating software. It comes equipped with a quad-core CPU boosting and twin 128GB SATA3 SSD with RAID 0 for 4x faster data access speed. To assist gamers, it includes HD visuals and audio powered by a GTX 680 graphics card with 2GB GDDR5 and ASUS Xonar DX audio card.

Thursday, September 20, 2012

Top Useful Sites To Learn New Skills - Top 40 Wesites for Learning New things


The web is a powerful resource that can easily help you learn new skills.  You just have to know where to look.  Sure, you can use Google, Yahoo, or Bing to search for sites where you can learn new skills, but I figured I’d save you some time.

Here are the top 40 sites I have personally used over the last few years when I want to learn something new.

  1. Hack a Day - Hack a Day serves up fresh hacks (short tutorials) every day from around the web and one in-depth ‘How-To hack’ guide each week.
  2. eHow - eHow is an online community dedicated to providing visitors the ability to research, share, and discuss solutions and tips for completing day-to-day tasks and projects.

Monday, September 17, 2012

Samsung Galaxy Camera Officially Announced : Price and Specifications in India


The new Galaxy Camera runs on Android 4.1 Jelly Bean camera features a 1/2.3″ 16MP back-illuminated CMOS sensor and a 21x optical zoom lens (23-480mm equivalent).The backside of the camera is all touch screen with a 4.8″ LCD that shows off camera apps and widgets, as well as other Android-powered widgets. You can also use popular Android-based camera apps like Instagram with Galaxy Camera. (Hopefully, the coming onslaught of Android-powered point and shoot cameras like the Galaxy Camera and recently announced Nikon S800c will pave the way for a more robust camera app base in the Google Play Store.) 


What made Apple invent iPhone


The remarkable story of how tech giant Apple, which has been credited for creating the revolutionary iPod and Mactintoch computers, and how it invented its first iconic iPhone, has been finally revealed.

The Samsung case, which ended last month with a resounding victory for Apple, revealed a trove of details about the invention of the world's most popular mobile handset.

According to Slate.com, Apple, which created iPod that revolutionized the music industry, should have been the last company on the planet to try to build something whose explicit purpose was to kill music players.



Yet, Apple's inner circle knew that one day, a phone maker would create a universal device that could make calls, play music and videos, and do everything else, and would ultimately eat the iPod's lunch. Apple's only chance at staving off that future was to invent the iPod killer itself.

When Steve Jobs unveiled the iPhone in 2007, he showed off a picture of an iPod with a rotary-phone dialer instead of a click wheel.

A Samsung mobile phone, the X810, used a similar rotating wheel for input, so Apple's Tony Fadell, the engineer who's credited with inventing the first iPod, didn't like the idea.

The company decided to abandon the click-wheel idea and try to build a multi-touch phone.

According to the paper, the iPhone team broke down into two separate, but closely integrated groups -- the guys who were doing the hardware and the guys who were doing the software.

The software team's main job was figuring out a way to make a completely novel interface feel intuitive and natural, and the hardware team, meanwhile, was trying to figure out what the phone would look like.

Documents in the trial revealed some of the many iPhone designs that Apple considered, including thin phones; fat ones; ones with rounded glass on the front and back, and many other designs.

By the spring of 2006, about a year before the iPhone's release, Apple's design chief Jonathan Ive and his team had settled on a design for the iPhone.
According to the paper, their winning prototype looked similar to Apple's 2004-era iPod Mini -- it was a metallic device with rounded sides, what designers referred to as 'extruded' aluminum.

India planning world's fastest supercomputer by 2017


As per a latest update, Indian government has drawn a blueprint for development of the next generation supercomputers, which could be 61 times faster than existing machines. 

It is reportedly said that the Telecom and IT Minister Kapil Sibal has shared a roadmap with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to develop fastest supercomputer. According to the letter, the 'petaflop and exaflop range of supercomputers' will be developed at an estimated cost of Rs. 4,700 crore over 5 years in India. 

In addition, Sibal has proposed that Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY) should be given chance to coordinate overall supercomputing activities in the country. 

As a matter of concern, it is found; petaflop is a measure for finding processing speed of a computer and can be expressed as a thousand trillion floating point operations per second. As far as exaflop is concerned, it is represents one quintillion computer operations per second. In simpler words, one exaflop is thousand times faster than one petaflop.

Presently, the fastest supercomputer of the world is Sequoia, which has registered a top computing speed of 16.32 petaflops which is equivalent to computing of power from over 7.8 lakhs high-end laptops put together, sources informed.

“EKA” is the fastest computer in India, developed by Computational Research Laboratories (CRL), wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Sons. On a global front there is nothing much to write about, as India has been falling rapidly over the years as far as the India’s prowess to build super-computer goes.

In 2007, India’s “EKA” was 4th fastest supercomputer in the world and number 1 in Asia, but since then, it has not made much progress. During the same time countries like China & Japan have built super computers that are more than 50 times faster. India’s fastest computer “Eka” currently ranks a lowly 58th on the global level.

SAGA-220 Recently unveiled supercomputer SAGA-220 built by ISRO, is capable of performing at 220000 GFLops (220 TFlops). It uses about 400 NVIDIA Tesla 2070 GPUs and 400 Intel Quad Core XeonCPUs.[6]


10 Most Popular Websites

Sunday, September 16, 2012

Download Latest Device Drivers for your Computer Hardware


Download latest device drivers for your computer hardware from Acer, Asus, Dell, Fujitsu, Gateway, HP, Lenovo, Panasonic, Sony and Toshiba.

To download updated device drivers for hardware in your laptop or desktop computer, the best option is go to go the manufacturer’s website and download the latest version of the hardware device drive.

If you encounter problems with your computer or device after upgrading the hardware device driver, just restore the driver for that particulate device to a previous version using the Control Panel.

Following is a list of websites from where you can download original device drivers :
Microsoft recommends that you let Windows install drivers for your hardware automatically. You should avoid manually updating a driver unless Windows is unable to find a driver through Windows Update

10 Surprising Facts About Google

Saturday, September 15, 2012

How to Change your IP Quickly

We often try to change our IP when downloading files from Rapid-share to download more files from it and in similar situations. IP can be changed in 2 ways

  • Disconnect Broadband and Connect Again (Works With Individual Broadband)
  • Changing from Network Places
Changing from Network Places :
1. Click on "Start" in the bottom left hand corner of screen
2. Click on "Run" ( or simply Press Win+R on keyboard )
3. Type in "cmd" and hit ok

You should now be at an MSDOS prompt screen.

4. Type "ipconfig /release" just like that, and hit "enter"
5. Type "exit" and leave the prompt
6. Right-click on "Network Places" or "My Network Places" on your desktop.
7. Click on "properties"

ACI Company Laptop Just for 4999 Rupees In india


Britan company ACI (Allid Computers International)Released a low cost laptop in india.The cost of Laptop is just 4,999 only approximatly 100 USD which is cheaper than any other company laptops.This Laptop works with WINDOWS OS and it has high resolution screen.Marketing in india is done by ACI(Asia) branch and the target of sales in first year is 2 lakhs.

iPhone 5 - First Look, Specs, And New Design

Thursday, September 13, 2012

Methods to find Whether a Company is Real or Fake (Fraud)

Method to find Whether a Company is Real or Fake (Fraud) If you like this Article kindly share this with your friends. 

Steps to Know Whether a Company is registered or not :
Step 1: Click on below link to Open the Ministry of Corporate Affairs Code 
Step 2: Enter the Company name (Don't try with Short Forms or half names)
Step 3: If the company is not registered you will get a Pop-up Like 
Step 4: If the company is registered you will get information like
  • LLPIN/CIN/1A Ref No
  • Company or LLP Name
  • State
  • Registration Date
  • Company Status 

Step 5 : If you get the information like above that particular company is registered by Govt. of India.

iPhone 5 launched and no announcement for its arrival in India


iPhone 5, the world's most awaited gadget, is here. iPhone has been here since 2007, but Apple gave it a completely new avatar made of glass and aluminium on Wednesday in a bid to take on rising challenge from the Android brigade.

iPhone 5 is everything that a smartphone owner could possibly ever desire for: It is taller, leaner, lighter, shinier and packs in much more punch than ever.

Yet, to call it a completely revamped, revolutionary smartphone that was being expected of Apple in the post-Jobs era would be a hyperbole. While the launch seemed to enthuse Apple watchers, it had little impact on the company's stock price movement on the Wall Street.

Top 10 Features of iPhone 5


Top 10 Features of iPhone 5 :


1. The phone has a 4-inch Retina display with a resolution of 1136 x 640 pixels at 326 ppi.



2. The iPhone 5 weighs 112g, and is 20 per cent lighter than the iPhone 4S.

Wednesday, September 12, 2012

Nokia may price Lumia 920 at Rs 42,000 in India


At the Nokia World 2012 event held a few days ago, Nokia revealed everything about the new Lumia handsets except their launch dates and prices. Rumours indicated earlier that Nokia would launch the Lumia 920 in global markets by November. As per a recent report, this handset will be priced at Euro 600 ($758), which translates to approximately Rs 42,000.

The author of WMPowerUser, Surur states, “The Nokia Lumia 920 will be released in Germany in mid-October and will retail for 600 Euro ($758, £476). The Austrian art magazine ‘Future Zone‘ reported that Nokia wants to deliver the Lumia 920 from the middle of October in Germany. They expect the handset to initially launch only in a few countries, much like the roll-out of the Nokia Lumia 800, before being available everywhere. The handset will be introduced first in Germany, France, Britain, Italy and Russia, before becomes available in late October in Poland. The Scandinavian countries, Portugal and Spain will receive the handset a short time later.” 

iPhone 5: The D-Day is here!

The wait is almost over for Apple fans. At 10.30 pm (IST), Apple is expected to unveil its sixth-generation iPhone. Rumour mill has been in overdrive mode over iPhone 5. From specs to price to looks to sales, there's speculation on everything.


From the larger display to the quad-core processor, most analysts and websites (quoting their 'inside sources') have something to say about the coming iPhone 5.



Apple iPhone 5 is likely to be launched today, but those using previous-generation iPhones also have reasons to cheer.



Apple may be launching a new edition of the iPhone 4S and doing away with the iPhone 3GS when it launches the next generation iPhone.



When it comes to Apple, press invites usually hide a message hidden in plain sight.

Tech giant Apple's new iPhone 5 will work on the fastest wireless networks around the world, including in the US, Europe and Asia.


Apple's big iPhone launch: What could go wrong ?


Apple's launch on Wednesday in San Francisco will kick off what analysts have repeatedly predicted was the biggest smartphone upgrade cycle in history. With those proclamations leading to what could be ridiculously high expectations, it's worth pondering the downside.
Now I'm not going to be dumb enough to doubt that Apple's iPhone 5 will outsell iPhone 4S by a wide margin. In fact, Apple's latest iPhone will launch with multiple carriers around the world. It's a global phone and distribution alone will ensure its success.
The wild card here will be the duration of this iPhone upgrade cycle. Meanwhile, there are other worries for the latest iPhone. Will these concerns materialize? Who knows, but it's certainly worth highlighting them amid the sea of gushing coverage on deck.
Let's play the contrarian game. Here's a look at the key wild cards surrounding the iPhone launch:
Carrier upgrade cycles. Apple got a healthy bump from the iPhone 4S launch. Those iPhone buyers in the U.S. are locked into two year contracts and few will pay heavy penalties to upgrade to the latest greatest Apple smartphone. Meanwhile, carriers won't allow customers to upgrade until they are 20 months into their contracts. That means that customers are locked into their old iPhones just a bit longer. As a result, Apple could see more steady demand over time as long as consumers don't decide after six months to wait around the iPhone 6.

Apples Iphone5 Launch in San Francisco Today

Apple's launch on Wednesday in San Francisco will kick off what analysts have repeatedly predicted was the biggest smartphone upgrade cycle in history. With those proclamations leading to what could be ridiculously high expectations, it's worth pondering the downside.


How To: Use a laptop as a Wi-Fi repeater


Almost all homes and offices today have an Internet connection either via a cable operator, telephone line or USB dongle. Sharing a single Internet connection with all other wireless-enabled devices at home or office requires a wireless router and these are available for as little as Rs. 1,000. But wireless routers are usually stationed at home or office and cannot be carried around because of the power requirements. There are times when you go on a holiday or travel around and need an Internet connection. USB 3G Internet dongles serve the purpose of an Internet connection whilst you are outdoors, but this connection is only available on your laptop or a tablet that has USB internet dongle compatibility. But what if you want your mobile or iPad also connected to the Internet at the same time? The Internet connectivity needs to be shared and a router is the only possibility. In this case, you will share the network connection of your laptop with the other devices and Ad-Hoc connectivity is the only option. But this method again has a limitation and only one device can connect at a single given time. We will show you how to create a temporary router using any laptop or PC within a few minutes. This will save you the cost of a new portable router.

How the DNS works

Nokia Lumia 920 - first hands-on video


Apple Kicks Google Maps Off iOS





















As expected, Apple has announced its own mapping solution for iOS 6,featuring real-time traffic conditions, turn-by-turn navigation, Yelp integration, vector graphics, and 3D flyovers. The new Maps app, due out this fall with iOS 6, means the end of the Google Maps-powered app that iOS devices have used since 2007.
For iOS users, this news comes not a moment too soon--many of the features Apple announced Monday have been available on Google Maps for Android for years. Apple's break with Google means the iPhone maker can finally offer significant improvements to Maps on iOS instead of relying on a reluctant partner/competitor to bring new maps features to Apple devices.

Tuesday, September 11, 2012

Viber expands reach to Symbian, S40 and Bada


Viber Expanded Its Market
Viber recently announced that it reached 100 million registered users across different platforms. Reaching this milestone seems to have not been enough for the developers of the 3G VOIP app though, as they have gone ahead and launched native clients for three more phone platforms: Symbian, S40 and Bada. The company is also adding free phone calls and group messaging to the Nokia Windows Phone 7 version of the app, apart from releasing a localization update for iOS. The app, which essentially lets you make free phone calls, send messages or send photo messages over 3G and Wi-Fi, is currently available on iOS, Android, BlackBerry and Nokia’s Lumia phone range, which run on Windows Phone 7. 

New Apple Dock Connector may be same size as Micro-USB


Alot has been speculated about the new dock connector expected to feature in the next range of iOS devices, and its size. This dock connector is said to the same size as a Micro-USB but there is no confirmation of it yet. Leaked images posted by French technology website NoWhereElse show the new dock connector alongside a Micro-USB cable.

Almsot similar in size
Almost similar in size

Google Autocomplete censors The Pirate Bay


Gooogle Censored Pirate Bay
You will no longer be able to see Auto-complete suggestions or use Google Instant when you type in 'The Pirate Bay' in Google. Google started censoring pirate websites back in January 2011 by adding piracy–related search terms to its list of censored search terms. This disables the censored search terms from appearing on Google’s Instant and Auto-complete suggestions. The Pirate Bay’s domains were previously left uncensored, but Google has now added Pirate Bay domains to its censored search terms list too, TorrentFreak reports.

The censored search terms list is used by Google to control what it suggests to users. Search terms related to piracy, adult content, sexual organs, censored content, etc. also are part of the list. If you enter 'rapidshare', 'utorrent', 'torrent', etc. in Google’s search box, you won’t see any suggestions.

Dual-SIM Mercury magiQ tablet launched in India for Rs 12,700


The size of the displays of high-end smartphones is increasing by the display, bordering on that of tablets. Such smartphones are commonly referred to as ‘phablets’ due to their form factor. Inspan Infotech, one of the largest IT distribution companies for motherboards and hardware components, is targeting the tablet market with the launch of Mercury magiQ. The 5-inch dual-SIM Mercury magiQ is a confluence of features from both smartphones and tablets.


The Mercury magicQ works on the Google Android Ice Cream Sandwich platform allowing a wide range of Android applications available to the users. This tablet features a 1GHz processor, and also has the ability to offer fast uploads and downloads due to HSPA connectivity available in the device. The tablet comes loaded with 4GB of internal storage, which can be expanded up to 32GB. It has 512MB of RAM. The Inspan Mercury magiQ features a capacitive multi-touch panel, and the brand claims that it offers vivid and clear pictures while viewing movies or doing work.


Inspan claims that the tablet supports 3G, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth for a faster transferring of data. Web browsing, internet surfing, emails, chatting and much more is made easier on this tablet due to these features.  Mercury magiQ features dual cameras with a front-facing camera for video chatting and a 12MP rear camera for capturing images and videos. 


One of the major highlighted features of this tablet is the battery. Inspan claims that it comes with a long battery backup, which provides a standby time of up to 15 days, and talk time of up to 13 hours. All this is packed in a mere 140-gram body. It gives the tablet a slim and stylish look. magiQ offers all the features of entertainment that may be essential for a consumer such as built-in FM radio, a speaker phone and flash 10.0 online video.
 
Mercury magiQ comes with a built in accelerometer, GPS-support, Phonebook, call record history, SMS, MMS, e-mail, Push Mail and IM. The dual SIM feature is the specialty of magiQ. It is also designed with multiple I/O ports such as a dual-SIM slot, TF card slot, mini USB port, and 3.5mm audio jack. Its thickness is 11.6mm.
 
"We are aggressively looking forward to get our market share in the tablet market with the stylish and feature rich Mercury magiQ. It has almost all the required features of the hot selling tablets in the market," said Sudhir S, Managing Director at Inspan Infotech. "Our partners will be very happy to introduce Mercury magiQ to their customers," he added.
 
Mercury magiQ tablet is priced in India at Rs 12,700. It comes with a warranty period of one year and is available ex-stock.

Wednesday, September 5, 2012

Nokia takes the wraps off the Lumia 820; wireless charging onboard

Nokia lifted the wraps off its Lumia 820 smartphone and it is now official. The Lumia 820 sports a 4.3-inch screen ClearBlack OLED display. The Nokia ClearBack display on the Lumia 820 comes with high brightness mode and Sunlight Readability Enhancements. The display features of the Lumia 820 include - polarization filter, Light time-out, Ambient light detector, Brightness control, Orientation sensor, Proximity sensor, High Brightness mode, RGB Stripe, Sunlight readability enhancements, Aspect ratio 15:9, Super sensitive touch and Color boosting. The super sensitive touch functionality allows you to use the handset even with gloves on. The Nokia Lumia 820 sports the same polycarbonate shell as the 920 and previous Lumia devices. It comes in red, yellow, grey, cyan, purple, white and black colour options. It will feature exchangeable covers and a microSD card slot to expand memory (one bonus we've all been looking forward to). The Lumia 820 is powered by a 1.5GHz Dual Core Snapdragon S4 processor and is powered by a 1650mAh battery with support for Qi wireless charging. It sports an 8MP camera with Carl Zeiss optics.